General Motors Company (GM) designs, builds and sells cars, trucks and automobile parts. The company also provides financing services through General Motors Financial Company Inc. The company's automotive operations are conducted through four segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM Europe, GM International Operations and recently added GM South America. The company's focus is to boost its sales on the emerging markets (Brazil, China and India) and competitors include Ford Motor Co. (F) and Toyota Motor Corporation (TM).
Now, turning our attention to the future direction of the stock, let's take a look at the intrinsic value of this company and try to explain to investors the reasons it is a good buy or not. In this article, we present a model that is by no means the be-all and end-all for valuation. The purpose is to force investors to evaluate different assumptions about growth and future prospects.
Valuation
In stock valuation models, dividend discount models (DDM) define cash flow as the dividends to be received by the shareholders. Extending the period indefinitely, the fundamental value of the stock is the present value of an infinite stream of dividends according to John Burr Williams.
Although this is theoretically correct, it requires forecasting dividends for many periods, so we can use some growth models like: Gordon (constant) growth model, the Two or Three stage growth model or the H-Model (which is a special case of a two-stage model).
To start with, the Gordon Growth Model (GGM) assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate indefinitely.
Required Rate of Return (r)
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) estimates the required return on equity using the following formula: required return on stock = risk-free rate + beta of j x equity risk premium
Assumptions:
Risk-Free Rate: Rate of return on LT Government Debt: RF = 2.67%
Beta: β =1.78
GGM equity risk premium = (1-year forecasted dividend yield on market index) +(consensus long-term earnings growth rate) – (long-term government bond yield) = 2.13% + 11.97% - 2.67% = 11.43%[1]
rGM = RF + βGM [GGM ERP]
= 2.67% + 1.78 [11.43%]
= 23.02%
Dividend growth rate (g)
The sustainable growth rate is the rate at which earnings and dividends can grow indefinitely assuming that the firm's debt-to-equity ratio is unchanged and it doesn't issue new equity.
g = b x ROE
b = retention rate
ROE can be estimated using Dupont formula:
Because for most companies, the GGM is unrealistic, let´s consider the H-Model which assumes a growth rate that starts high and then declines linearly over the high growth stage, until it reverts to the long-run rate, a smoother transition to the mature phase growth rate that is more realistic.
Dividend growth rate (g) implied by Gordon growth model (long-run rate)
With the GGM formula and simple math:
The growth rates are:
| Year | Value | g(t) |
| 1 | g(1) | 10.71% |
| 2 | g(2) | 12.83% |
| 3 | g(3) | 14.96% |
| 4 | g(4) | 17.08% |
| 5 | g(5) | 19.20% |
G(2), g(3) and g(4) are calculated using linear interpolation between g(1) and g(5).
Calculation of Intrinsic Value
| Year | Concept | Amount | Present value |
| 0 | Div 0 | 1.20 | |
| 1 | Div 1 | 1.33 | 1.08 |
| 2 | Div 2 | 1.50 | 0.99 |
| 3 | Div 3 | 1.72 | 0.93 |
| 4 | Div 4 | 2.02 | 0.88 |
| 5 | Div 5 | 2.41 | 0.85 |
| 5 | Terminal Value | 75.24 | 26.71 |
| Intrinsic value | 31.44 | ||
| Current share price | 37.54 |
Final Comment
When the stock price is higher than the intrinsic value, the stock is said to be overvalued and it makes sense to sell the stock. We have covered just one valuation method and investors should not be relied on alone in order to determine a fair (over/under) value for a potential investment.
Hedge fund gurus have also been active in the company. Gurus like John Paulson (Trades, Portfolio), Mariko Gordon (Trades, Portfolio), Scott Black (Trades, Portfolio), Leon Cooperman (Trades, Portfolio), David Dreman (Trades, Portfolio), Paul Singer (Trades, Portfolio), Eric Mindich (Trades, Portfolio), Kyle Bass (Trades, Portfolio) and Pioneer Investments (Trades, Portfolio) have invested in it in fourth quarter 2013, while Joel Greenblatt (Trades, Portfolio) has sold out his position in the same quarter.
Disclosure: Damian Illia holds no position in any stocks mentioned.
[1] This values where obtained from Blommberg´s CRP function.
Also check out: David Dreman Undervalued Stocks David Dreman Top Growth Companies David Dreman High Yield stocks, and Stocks that David Dreman keeps buying John Paulson Undervalued Stocks John Paulson Top Growth Companies John Paulson High Yield stocks, and Stocks that John Paulson keeps buying
About the author:Damian IlliaA fundamental analyst at Lonetreeanalytics.com constantly looking for value and income investments.
Visit Damian Illia's Website
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